Mongolia / China: A Mongolian woman condemned to die of starvation, c. 1913 photo by...

By the mid-18th century, all of Mongolia had been incorporated into the area ruled by the Manchu Qing Dynasty. During the collapse of the Qing Dynasty Mongols established the Temporary Government of Khalkha on 30 November 1911, before the abdication of the last Qing emperor and the establishment of the Republic of China. On 29 December 1911 Mongolia declared independence from the Qing Dynasty and this National Liberation Revolution ended 220 years of Manchu rule (153 years after the collapse of the Zunghar Khanate). It is not clear whether this picture was taken in Outer Mongolia, which attained independence from China, or Inner Mongolia, which remained part of China.