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Mahabharata

Mahabharata

XLF3791474

Add 15296 (1) f.57r, Rama, unbearably distressed at the sight of his aged parents running desperately after the chariot, has urged on the driver. The chariot passes behind a hill, still surrounded by the townspeople, while Dasaratha, who has run after it, falls fainting to the ground.

Add 15296 (1) f.57r, Rama, unbearably distressed at the sight of his aged parents running desperately after the chariot, has urged on the driver. The chariot passes behind a hill, still surrounded by the townspeople, while Dasaratha, who has run after it, falls fainting to the ground.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283000

Add 15296 (1) f.101r, On the left Bharata, in his extreme distress, faints after hearing Guha'Sitale of his meeting with Rama, and is revived by his brother and the queens. Kausalya tells him that they all depend on him totally. Guha leads them all, this time from the right, to the place under the Iagudi tree where Rama and his companions' beds of grass still lie. On the lower left Bharata, with his brother and the queens, tellSitae Brahmins and counsellers that he will live in the forest with Shatrughna while Rama returns to rule Ayodhya.

Add 15296 (1) f.101r, On the left Bharata, in his extreme distress, faints after hearing Guha'Sitale of his meeting with Rama, and is revived by his brother and the queens. Kausalya tells him that they all depend on him totally. Guha leads them all, this time from the right, to the place under the Iagudi tree where Rama and his companions' beds of grass still lie. On the lower left Bharata, with his brother and the queens, tellSitae Brahmins and counsellers that he will live in the forest with Shatrughna while Rama returns to rule Ayodhya.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283022

Add 15296 (1) f.118r, The Brahmins and the queens in their litters approach. Kausalya points out the place by the river where Rama offered the ritual water and laments the pitiable quality of the pindas, as offered to her dead husband. The three exiles then greet the queens (Sita is shown embracing Kaikeyi rather than Kausalya), and then separately the Brahmins and the minister Sumantra. The four brothers and Sita Sitaoutside the hut (top left). Bharata requests Rama to ascend the throne, but Rama refuses to disobey the command of his father.

Add 15296 (1) f.118r, The Brahmins and the queens in their litters approach. Kausalya points out the place by the river where Rama offered the ritual water and laments the pitiable quality of the pindas, as offered to her dead husband. The three exiles then greet the queens (Sita is shown embracing Kaikeyi rather than Kausalya), and then separately the Brahmins and the minister Sumantra. The four brothers and Sita Sitaoutside the hut (top left). Bharata requests Rama to ascend the throne, but Rama refuses to disobey the command of his father.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283030

Add 15296 (2) f.2r, In their desperate search for the abducted Sita, Rama and Laksmana have come to the Pampa lake, which is covered with lotuses and surrounded by flowering trees. It is the spring season and Rama is continuously reminded by the mating birds and animals and the flowering plants of his lost love. They are seen by the deposed king of the monkeys, Sugriva, who Sita with his advisers on the craggy heights of the Rsyamuka mountain above the lake. The monkeys chatter animatedly among themselves. Various trees and large flowers line the bank of the river, in which two cranes stand.

Add 15296 (2) f.2r, In their desperate search for the abducted Sita, Rama and Laksmana have come to the Pampa lake, which is covered with lotuses and surrounded by flowering trees. It is the spring season and Rama is continuously reminded by the mating birds and animals and the flowering plants of his lost love. They are seen by the deposed king of the monkeys, Sugriva, who Sita with his advisers on the craggy heights of the Rsyamuka mountain above the lake. The monkeys chatter animatedly among themselves. Various trees and large flowers line the bank of the river, in which two cranes stand.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283032

Add 15296 (1) f.127r, The procession returns to Ayodhya, along the bottom of the painting, the sorrowful and deserted city being the haunt of cats and owls. Bharata and Shatrughna take their leave of the queens and tell Vasistha that they will retire to Nandigrama and are resolved to live as ascetics until Rama's return. They stay out, at the top, in one chariot in the reverse direction, followed by Vasistha and Sumantra in another chariot and attended by townspeople.

Add 15296 (1) f.127r, The procession returns to Ayodhya, along the bottom of the painting, the sorrowful and deserted city being the haunt of cats and owls. Bharata and Shatrughna take their leave of the queens and tell Vasistha that they will retire to Nandigrama and are resolved to live as ascetics until Rama's return. They stay out, at the top, in one chariot in the reverse direction, followed by Vasistha and Sumantra in another chariot and attended by townspeople.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283035

Add 15296 (1) f.126r, Despite the entreaties of his brother to return to rule Ayodhya, Rama Ramains adamant in adhering to his father's command. He manages finally to persuade Bharata to govern the kingdom until his return after fourteen years. Bharata resolves to dress and behave as an ascetic until then. The two brothers and Sita make their farewells to Bharata and Shatrughna, to the Brahmins and to the queens, with Sita being embraced by Kausalya. Bharata crouches before Rama for him to put his feet into a pair of sandals at he will take back to Ayodhya with him, and in the name of which he will govern the kingdom. Rama then retireSita the hut. The chariots and litters then proceed back to Ayodhya, with Bharata carrying Rama's sandals on his head, the two brothers cast down in sorrow.

Add 15296 (1) f.126r, Despite the entreaties of his brother to return to rule Ayodhya, Rama Ramains adamant in adhering to his father's command. He manages finally to persuade Bharata to govern the kingdom until his return after fourteen years. Bharata resolves to dress and behave as an ascetic until then. The two brothers and Sita make their farewells to Bharata and Shatrughna, to the Brahmins and to the queens, with Sita being embraced by Kausalya. Bharata crouches before Rama for him to put his feet into a pair of sandals at he will take back to Ayodhya with him, and in the name of which he will govern the kingdom. Rama then retireSita the hut. The chariots and litters then proceed back to Ayodhya, with Bharata carrying Rama's sandals on his head, the two brothers cast down in sorrow.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283038

Add 15296 (2) f.11r, Sugriva then tells Rama and Laksmana how powerful his brother Ba

Add 15296 (2) f.11r, Sugriva then tells Rama and Laksmana how powerful his brother Ba

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283045

Add 15296 (2) f.18r, Outside the palace, Sugriva and Bali buffet each other furiously with fists and nails and then tear up trees and rocks, but Bali is the stronger and slowly Sugriva is forced to give ground. When Rama sees that Sugriva is losing, he keeps his promise to assist his ally by aiming his deadly arrow into Bali's chest. Bali sinks dying to the ground and the exhausted Sugriva too falls down. Bali bitterly reproaches Rama for his treacherous action in basely and surreptitiously killing him when engaged in fighting another. But Rama tells him that for stealing his younger brother Sugriva's wife Rama, whom he should have regarded as a daughter-in-law, he deserves death. The earth and all that is in it belong to the Iksvaku race and Rama is doing his warrior duty by upholding the rule of law on behalf of his brother Bharata the king. Bali accepts his fate and commends his young son Angada to Rama's protection.

Add 15296 (2) f.18r, Outside the palace, Sugriva and Bali buffet each other furiously with fists and nails and then tear up trees and rocks, but Bali is the stronger and slowly Sugriva is forced to give ground. When Rama sees that Sugriva is losing, he keeps his promise to assist his ally by aiming his deadly arrow into Bali's chest. Bali sinks dying to the ground and the exhausted Sugriva too falls down. Bali bitterly reproaches Rama for his treacherous action in basely and surreptitiously killing him when engaged in fighting another. But Rama tells him that for stealing his younger brother Sugriva's wife Rama, whom he should have regarded as a daughter-in-law, he deserves death. The earth and all that is in it belong to the Iksvaku race and Rama is doing his warrior duty by upholding the rule of law on behalf of his brother Bharata the king. Bali accepts his fate and commends his young son Angada to Rama's protection.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283050

Add 15296 (2) f.57r, As Sugriva is still speaking of his earlier adventures to the two brothers, the monkeys sent out to the eastern, northern and western quarters return and report that their quest was in vain, there had been no sign of Sita.

Add 15296 (2) f.57r, As Sugriva is still speaking of his earlier adventures to the two brothers, the monkeys sent out to the eastern, northern and western quarters return and report that their quest was in vain, there had been no sign of Sita.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283057

Vashishta is shown summoning Shabala, the wish-fulfilling cow to prepare a spectacular feast for Visvamitra

Vashishta is shown summoning Shabala, the wish-fulfilling cow to prepare a spectacular feast for Visvamitra

BL3304072

Hanumān is perplexed as to how he can speak to Sītā, surrounded as she is by demon guardians. Perched in his tree, he begins to recite Rāma's praises. Sītā is at first confused by him and thinks he might be Rāvaṇa in one of his disguises. But she is then comforted by Hanumān, when he reveals himself to her as Rāma's messenger and gives her Rāma's ring, and offers to take her with him back to Rāma. Sītā replies that she cannot allow herself to be rescued by him: to her husband alone belong that right and the glory of so doing. She does, however, give Hanumān a jewel as a token for Rāma.

Hanumān is perplexed as to how he can speak to Sītā, surrounded as she is by demon guardians. Perched in his tree, he begins to recite Rāma's praises. Sītā is at first confused by him and thinks he might be Rāvaṇa in one of his disguises. But she is then comforted by Hanumān, when he reveals himself to her as Rāma's messenger and gives her Rāma's ring, and offers to take her with him back to Rāma. Sītā replies that she cannot allow herself to be rescued by him: to her husband alone belong that right and the glory of so doing. She does, however, give Hanumān a jewel as a token for Rāma.

BL3306341

Hanumān thinks to himself that, in order to find out more about the demons, he will have to launch an open assault on them. This way he will get to meet Rāvaṇa and his ministers and ascertain their strategy and strengths. Accordingly, he makes up his mind to destroy the royal pleasure garden attached to the zenana in Laṅkā. Having uprooted the trees in theaśoka grove, Hanumān kills all the demons sent by Rāvaṇa to capture him, while Sītā looks on from her position by the temple.

Hanumān thinks to himself that, in order to find out more about the demons, he will have to launch an open assault on them. This way he will get to meet Rāvaṇa and his ministers and ascertain their strategy and strengths. Accordingly, he makes up his mind to destroy the royal pleasure garden attached to the zenana in Laṅkā. Having uprooted the trees in theaśoka grove, Hanumān kills all the demons sent by Rāvaṇa to capture him, while Sītā looks on from her position by the temple.

BL3306342

Hanumān next slays Rāvaṇa's five generals and scatters their armies. Rāvaṇa then sends out his son Aká¹£a, a youthful yet mighty warrior. Hanumān is impressed by the youthful prince's martial powers but finally kills him by leaping into the air with him and then dashing him to pieces on the ground. Rāvaṇa's troops flee in all directions.

Hanumān next slays Rāvaṇa's five generals and scatters their armies. Rāvaṇa then sends out his son Aká¹£a, a youthful yet mighty warrior. Hanumān is impressed by the youthful prince's martial powers but finally kills him by leaping into the air with him and then dashing him to pieces on the ground. Rāvaṇa's troops flee in all directions.

BL3306344

Hanumān has allowed himself to be bound and taken before Rāvaṇa, who is seated on a great throne in his palace, with his ministers around him. He announces himself as the messenger of Rāma and demands Sītā's return. Rāvaṇa angrily orders him to be put to death, but VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, Rāvaṇa's brother, humbly entreats Rāvaṇa to spare the life of a messenger, as envoys may be punished but not killed. Rāvaṇa orders Hanumān instead to be led through the city with his tail bound in oily rags and set alight. Hanumān first allows himself to suffer this indignity, but then frees himself and sets fire to the city with his blazing tail.

Hanumān has allowed himself to be bound and taken before Rāvaṇa, who is seated on a great throne in his palace, with his ministers around him. He announces himself as the messenger of Rāma and demands Sītā's return. Rāvaṇa angrily orders him to be put to death, but VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, Rāvaṇa's brother, humbly entreats Rāvaṇa to spare the life of a messenger, as envoys may be punished but not killed. Rāvaṇa orders Hanumān instead to be led through the city with his tail bound in oily rags and set alight. Hanumān first allows himself to suffer this indignity, but then frees himself and sets fire to the city with his blazing tail.

BL3306346

Dadhimukha informs SugrÄ«va of the desecration of the Madhuvana grove by Hanumān, Aṅgada and their friends. Reassured that this could only mean that they were extremely happy to have found Sītā, he returns to the grove and, finding the monkeys quietened, informs Aṅgada and Hanumān that SugrÄ«va wants to see them immediately.

Dadhimukha informs SugrÄ«va of the desecration of the Madhuvana grove by Hanumān, Aṅgada and their friends. Reassured that this could only mean that they were extremely happy to have found Sītā, he returns to the grove and, finding the monkeys quietened, informs Aṅgada and Hanumān that SugrÄ«va wants to see them immediately.

BL3306349

Rama determines the order of march for his vast army of monkeys and bears and sets out towards the south and the ocean. He is riding on Hanuman and his brother Laksmana is riding on Angada.

Rama determines the order of march for his vast army of monkeys and bears and sets out towards the south and the ocean. He is riding on Hanuman and his brother Laksmana is riding on Angada.

BL3306369

Upon ascending to heaven Trishanku is met by Indra, the King of Gods, who says he has no place in heaven as ordained by his guru Vasishta and should descend to earth again. As Trishanku is falling to earth, he cries out to Visvamitra for help

Upon ascending to heaven Trishanku is met by Indra, the King of Gods, who says he has no place in heaven as ordained by his guru Vasishta and should descend to earth again. As Trishanku is falling to earth, he cries out to Visvamitra for help

BL3301623

The daughters of King Kusha are wed to Brahmadatta. Through his yogic powers he restores the daughters to their former beauty which pleases King Kusha greatly

The daughters of King Kusha are wed to Brahmadatta. Through his yogic powers he restores the daughters to their former beauty which pleases King Kusha greatly

BL3285845

Rāma on his throne, with his brothers behind holding a parasol and chowries, bids farewell to all his helpers, who are still in human form. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a sets off in his chariot, and an elephant and a horse await others. With Rāma's coronation begins his auspicious reign, a truly golden age for mankind - RÄm-rÄjya, Rāma's rule.

Rāma on his throne, with his brothers behind holding a parasol and chowries, bids farewell to all his helpers, who are still in human form. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a sets off in his chariot, and an elephant and a horse await others. With Rāma's coronation begins his auspicious reign, a truly golden age for mankind - RÄm-rÄjya, Rāma's rule.

BL3283163

Four further spies are sent out from the city by Rāvaṇa, but again they are recognised and set upon by the monkeys. They return crestfallen to Laṅkā. Rāma and his allies are depicted beneath the Suvela mountain on the left.

Four further spies are sent out from the city by Rāvaṇa, but again they are recognised and set upon by the monkeys. They return crestfallen to Laṅkā. Rāma and his allies are depicted beneath the Suvela mountain on the left.

BL3283079

Kumbhakará¹‡a has woken up and is still seated picking at a bone, while he is offered a jar of drink. Rāvaṇa's ministers, their chief YūpÄká¹£a to the fore, tell him they have woken him up since his brother needs him to defeat Rāma and his monkey allies. A man waves a cloth behind Kumbhakará¹‡a's head, another presents a pitcher for him to drink, while a third kneels at a small Åšivaliá¹…ga shrine, performing ÄratÄ« with candles and a bell in his hands.

Kumbhakará¹‡a has woken up and is still seated picking at a bone, while he is offered a jar of drink. Rāvaṇa's ministers, their chief YūpÄká¹£a to the fore, tell him they have woken him up since his brother needs him to defeat Rāma and his monkey allies. A man waves a cloth behind Kumbhakará¹‡a's head, another presents a pitcher for him to drink, while a third kneels at a small Åšivaliá¹…ga shrine, performing ÄratÄ« with candles and a bell in his hands.

BL3283098

Kumbhakará¹‡a approaches Rāvaṇa, who is seated in his Puá¹£paka chariot rather than his proper throne, and then bows before him, while outside the walls of Laṅkā, VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a tells the astonished Rāma and his friends the story of Kumbhakará¹‡a. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a says that his brother Kumbhakará¹‡a was such a scourge of the earth that BrahmÄ cursed him to be perpetually asleep, but that, on appeal from Rāvaṇa, BrahmÄ agreed that after six months of sleep he could be awake for one day. Lakṣmaṇa has managed to cure himself by recollecting that he is in part Viá¹£á¹‡u and is now up and about.

Kumbhakará¹‡a approaches Rāvaṇa, who is seated in his Puá¹£paka chariot rather than his proper throne, and then bows before him, while outside the walls of Laṅkā, VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a tells the astonished Rāma and his friends the story of Kumbhakará¹‡a. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a says that his brother Kumbhakará¹‡a was such a scourge of the earth that BrahmÄ cursed him to be perpetually asleep, but that, on appeal from Rāvaṇa, BrahmÄ agreed that after six months of sleep he could be awake for one day. Lakṣmaṇa has managed to cure himself by recollecting that he is in part Viá¹£á¹‡u and is now up and about.

BL3283099

Manjusri (silver)

Manjusri (silver)

Indonesian School, (10th century)

Dirk Bakker

DBP746581

Mahabharata

Mahabharata

XLF3791469

Mahabharata

Mahabharata

XLF3791471

Mahabharata

Mahabharata

XLF3791473

The gods, celestial beings, kings, rishis, royalty and common folk have all assembled to witness the vindication of Sītā. In front of the assembly, Sītā says that she has never ever thought of anyone but Rāma and that the Earth goddess MÄdhavÄ« should receive her if that be true. A miracle then occurs in front of all; a beautiful, celestial throne appears, supported by nÄgas. The Earth goddess welcomes Sītā on it, and they descend into the bowels of the earth. Sītā is declared virtuous and vindicated. BrahmÄ and the gods overhead witness the event.

The gods, celestial beings, kings, rishis, royalty and common folk have all assembled to witness the vindication of Sītā. In front of the assembly, Sītā says that she has never ever thought of anyone but Rāma and that the Earth goddess MÄdhavÄ« should receive her if that be true. A miracle then occurs in front of all; a beautiful, celestial throne appears, supported by nÄgas. The Earth goddess welcomes Sītā on it, and they descend into the bowels of the earth. Sītā is declared virtuous and vindicated. BrahmÄ and the gods overhead witness the event.

BL3283247

After many thousands of years of Rāma's righteous but lonely rule over the world, Death, in the form of an ascetic, visits Rāma and informs him of BrahmÄ's message: as Rāma has completed his mission and lived eleven thousand years as a mortal on earth, he can now proceed to the world of the gods in his role as Viá¹£á¹‡u, the Preserver. The ascetic wishes to speak privately with Rāma, and bids Rāma kill anyone who should interrupt their conversation or overhear their discourse. Rāma agrees and requests Lakṣmaṇa to stand guard while conversing with the ascetic. The ascetic is shown twice, on the left with Lakṣmaṇa, who ushers him into Rāma's presence (top right), and conversing privately with Rāma on the lower right.

After many thousands of years of Rāma's righteous but lonely rule over the world, Death, in the form of an ascetic, visits Rāma and informs him of BrahmÄ's message: as Rāma has completed his mission and lived eleven thousand years as a mortal on earth, he can now proceed to the world of the gods in his role as Viá¹£á¹‡u, the Preserver. The ascetic wishes to speak privately with Rāma, and bids Rāma kill anyone who should interrupt their conversation or overhear their discourse. Rāma agrees and requests Lakṣmaṇa to stand guard while conversing with the ascetic. The ascetic is shown twice, on the left with Lakṣmaṇa, who ushers him into Rāma's presence (top right), and conversing privately with Rāma on the lower right.

BL3283250

Monkeys, bears, titans, sages, ministers and Kings gather when they hear of Rama's departure for the celestial realm. In the right foreground are two attendants carrying the sacrificial fire to the river

Monkeys, bears, titans, sages, ministers and Kings gather when they hear of Rama's departure for the celestial realm. In the right foreground are two attendants carrying the sacrificial fire to the river

BL3283252

Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a then attack Rāvaṇa. Lakṣmaṇa cuts off the head of his charioteer with his arrow, while VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, with his club, kills Rāvaṇa's horses. Rāvaṇa looses a great spear at VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, which Lakṣmaṇa destroys, but he in turn falls victim to another of Rāvaṇa's spears, which pierces his chest and goes into the earth. Monkeys unsuccessfully try to pull it out, which Rāma does, offstage here. Rāma swears a solemn oath that this day Rāvaṇa will perish, and his hail of fearsome arrows then drives the terrified Rāvaṇa off the field. Rāma returns to the stricken Lakṣmaṇa and, after lamenting over the fallen hero, he and Suá¹£eá¹‡a discuss his condition. They decide to send Hanumān to the Himalayas once more. Divine beings rain flowers on the heroes.

Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a then attack Rāvaṇa. Lakṣmaṇa cuts off the head of his charioteer with his arrow, while VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, with his club, kills Rāvaṇa's horses. Rāvaṇa looses a great spear at VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, which Lakṣmaṇa destroys, but he in turn falls victim to another of Rāvaṇa's spears, which pierces his chest and goes into the earth. Monkeys unsuccessfully try to pull it out, which Rāma does, offstage here. Rāma swears a solemn oath that this day Rāvaṇa will perish, and his hail of fearsome arrows then drives the terrified Rāvaṇa off the field. Rāma returns to the stricken Lakṣmaṇa and, after lamenting over the fallen hero, he and Suá¹£eá¹‡a discuss his condition. They decide to send Hanumān to the Himalayas once more. Divine beings rain flowers on the heroes.

BL3283142

Rāma sends Hanumān to VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a in the city to tell him to bring Sītā suitably adorned into his presence. Women bring her dresses and jewels. Sītā is brought to Rāma in a palanquin by Hanumān and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and his demons. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a attempts to drive off the crowd so that Sītā should not be seen by strangers, but disguising his happiness Rāma says it is not forbidden to look on a woman who has fallen into distress. Many monkeys clamber up on the hill to see Sītā emerge from her palanquin. Rāma repudiates her: she has lived in another man's house and hence it would not be fitting for him to take her back. Grief-stricken, she replies that it is not possible for her to live without Rāma and asks Lakṣmaṇa to prepare a funeral pyre for her to test her chastity.

Rāma sends Hanumān to VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a in the city to tell him to bring Sītā suitably adorned into his presence. Women bring her dresses and jewels. Sītā is brought to Rāma in a palanquin by Hanumān and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and his demons. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a attempts to drive off the crowd so that Sītā should not be seen by strangers, but disguising his happiness Rāma says it is not forbidden to look on a woman who has fallen into distress. Many monkeys clamber up on the hill to see Sītā emerge from her palanquin. Rāma repudiates her: she has lived in another man's house and hence it would not be fitting for him to take her back. Grief-stricken, she replies that it is not possible for her to live without Rāma and asks Lakṣmaṇa to prepare a funeral pyre for her to test her chastity.

BL3283157

Poulastya's curse. On the left is the hermitage of Poulastya surrounded by trees. The maiden daughters of the rishis wander into the hermitage. The daughter of Trinabindu, not knowing of the curse, disturbs Poulastya, instantly falling pregnant. On the right, a figure stands addressing Brahma, while below Trinabindu's daughter informs him of her condition

Poulastya's curse. On the left is the hermitage of Poulastya surrounded by trees. The maiden daughters of the rishis wander into the hermitage. The daughter of Trinabindu, not knowing of the curse, disturbs Poulastya, instantly falling pregnant. On the right, a figure stands addressing Brahma, while below Trinabindu's daughter informs him of her condition

BL3283164

Rama and the visiting sages are shown discoursing, seated in his palace on the right. Agastya explains to Rama the origins of the rakshasas (demons). Prajapati the creator, here shown seated on a lotus, first created the waters, depicted as a river at the bottom of the folio. Then, all creatures were generated and are shown bowing down and paying obeisance to Brahma

Rama and the visiting sages are shown discoursing, seated in his palace on the right. Agastya explains to Rama the origins of the rakshasas (demons). Prajapati the creator, here shown seated on a lotus, first created the waters, depicted as a river at the bottom of the folio. Then, all creatures were generated and are shown bowing down and paying obeisance to Brahma

BL3283169

Vishnu with the army of Gods are shown to the right, the demon army facing them on the left. In the centre, one of Sukesha's sons, Mali, is seen with a lance piercing his chest and falling from his horse, his sword broken in two

Vishnu with the army of Gods are shown to the right, the demon army facing them on the left. In the centre, one of Sukesha's sons, Mali, is seen with a lance piercing his chest and falling from his horse, his sword broken in two

BL3283177

Rama questions his ministers. Rama requests his courtiers to visit the towns and villages to acquaint themselves with the rumours about Sita and himself. The courtiers are seen departing from the palace on horseback and on elephants

Rama questions his ministers. Rama requests his courtiers to visit the towns and villages to acquaint themselves with the rumours about Sita and himself. The courtiers are seen departing from the palace on horseback and on elephants

BL3283228

The ascetics visit Rama and request help against Lavana, son of Madhu, who had acquired a formidable weapon as a boon from Siva. Madhu used the weapon wisely but his son Lavana used the weapon indiscriminately and harassed the ascetics living in the forest, killing and devouring them

The ascetics visit Rama and request help against Lavana, son of Madhu, who had acquired a formidable weapon as a boon from Siva. Madhu used the weapon wisely but his son Lavana used the weapon indiscriminately and harassed the ascetics living in the forest, killing and devouring them

BL3283229

On the left, Trinabindu meets Poulastya and offers him his pregnant daughter in marriage and he accepts. On the right, Trinabindu brings his daughter to Poulastya and she is seen seated beside him. Poulastya is pleased and showers her with blessings in the form of a pious son named Visravas, who is born to her

On the left, Trinabindu meets Poulastya and offers him his pregnant daughter in marriage and he accepts. On the right, Trinabindu brings his daughter to Poulastya and she is seen seated beside him. Poulastya is pleased and showers her with blessings in the form of a pious son named Visravas, who is born to her

BL3283168

Shiva and Parvati are shown in the foreground of the painting seated beside Nandi the bull. Five Gods join hands in supplication before them and ask Shiva to rid the world of the rakshasas, who advises them to ask Vishnu. In the top register, Vishnu and Sri are shown seated beside Garuda. The Gods ask Vishnu for help and he agrees

Shiva and Parvati are shown in the foreground of the painting seated beside Nandi the bull. Five Gods join hands in supplication before them and ask Shiva to rid the world of the rakshasas, who advises them to ask Vishnu. In the top register, Vishnu and Sri are shown seated beside Garuda. The Gods ask Vishnu for help and he agrees

BL3283174

The top register shows Kaikasi meeting Visravas who was engaged in the fire sacrifice. Visravas is annoyed at this inauspicious interruption and predicts that Kaikasi's children by him will be cruel and horrific demons, except for her youngest who will be virtuous like his father. The lower register shows them with their demon sons and demoness daughter

The top register shows Kaikasi meeting Visravas who was engaged in the fire sacrifice. Visravas is annoyed at this inauspicious interruption and predicts that Kaikasi's children by him will be cruel and horrific demons, except for her youngest who will be virtuous like his father. The lower register shows them with their demon sons and demoness daughter

BL3283180

On the left, Sumali, Ravana's maternal grandfather rises from the netherworld and begs Ravana to occupy Lanka, from where the demons had been driven out by Vishnu. On the right, Prahasta, a demon sent by Ravana, is shown crossing the ocean to Lanka to ask Vaisravana if the demons could be reinstated there

On the left, Sumali, Ravana's maternal grandfather rises from the netherworld and begs Ravana to occupy Lanka, from where the demons had been driven out by Vishnu. On the right, Prahasta, a demon sent by Ravana, is shown crossing the ocean to Lanka to ask Vaisravana if the demons could be reinstated there

BL3283181

On the left, Dhanada (Vaisravana), Lord of Wealth, in his palace on Mount Kailasa, asks Manibhadra, the prince of the Yakshas, to fight the demons. Manibhadra is shown as a giant with joined hands. The right section depicts the battle between Ravana and Manibhadra

On the left, Dhanada (Vaisravana), Lord of Wealth, in his palace on Mount Kailasa, asks Manibhadra, the prince of the Yakshas, to fight the demons. Manibhadra is shown as a giant with joined hands. The right section depicts the battle between Ravana and Manibhadra

BL3283188

Dhanada battles Ravana. Dhanada (Vaisravana), the Lord of Wealth, is shown on the Puspaka chariot in flight aiming arrows against his foe. Ravana is on his steed on the right and the two armies are depicted in fierce battle

Dhanada battles Ravana. Dhanada (Vaisravana), the Lord of Wealth, is shown on the Puspaka chariot in flight aiming arrows against his foe. Ravana is on his steed on the right and the two armies are depicted in fierce battle

BL3283190

The top left section shows Ravana and the demons roaming the earth. In the top right, they meet King Maratha and the gods performing a sacrifice. The gods assume the form of animals out of fear of Ravana. King Maratha and Samvarta are seen conversing in the lower left section while Ravana and the demons look on. The lower right section depicts the four Gods reverting back to their original form

The top left section shows Ravana and the demons roaming the earth. In the top right, they meet King Maratha and the gods performing a sacrifice. The gods assume the form of animals out of fear of Ravana. King Maratha and Samvarta are seen conversing in the lower left section while Ravana and the demons look on. The lower right section depicts the four Gods reverting back to their original form

BL3283192

Ravana goes to the Narmada river. On the left, the titans are shown carrying the sacred linga and placing it before Ravana with the flowers necessary for worship. Ravana is shown placing the linga on the flowers and cleansing himself in the Narmada. On the right, King Arjuna is bathing in the river with his wives

Ravana goes to the Narmada river. On the left, the titans are shown carrying the sacred linga and placing it before Ravana with the flowers necessary for worship. Ravana is shown placing the linga on the flowers and cleansing himself in the Narmada. On the right, King Arjuna is bathing in the river with his wives

BL3283193

On the left, Ravana in a puspaka chariot and the titans heading further up river to fight Arjuna. On the right Arjuna is in the river with his wives, who beg him not to fight Ravana. Arjuna fights Ravana's general, Prahasta, who is overcome

On the left, Ravana in a puspaka chariot and the titans heading further up river to fight Arjuna. On the right Arjuna is in the river with his wives, who beg him not to fight Ravana. Arjuna fights Ravana's general, Prahasta, who is overcome

BL3283194

Ravana seeks out Bali. Ravana, desirous of challenging anyone who had renowned strength, decides to fight Bali, the monkey king. He is shown in conversation with Tara and Sugriva and is told that Bali has gone to the southern ocean in order to perform the Sandhya ceremony. The kingdom of Kishkinda is painted on the left

Ravana seeks out Bali. Ravana, desirous of challenging anyone who had renowned strength, decides to fight Bali, the monkey king. He is shown in conversation with Tara and Sugriva and is told that Bali has gone to the southern ocean in order to perform the Sandhya ceremony. The kingdom of Kishkinda is painted on the left

BL3283197

The mahapurusha has been depicted as Vishnu lying on his couch, the serpent, with Lakshmi at his feet. Ravana is shown falling down and then departing. He abducts hundreds of women in his puspaka chariot before he departs, depicted in the background

The mahapurusha has been depicted as Vishnu lying on his couch, the serpent, with Lakshmi at his feet. Ravana is shown falling down and then departing. He abducts hundreds of women in his puspaka chariot before he departs, depicted in the background

BL3283210

The top left register shows Brahma, Siva and Vishnu following Indra while watching events below where Ravana is surrounded by his demon army. The lower section shows Ravani, Ravana's son, in armour on a horse leading Indra away with his hands bound. The top right shows the gods led by Brahma, approaching Ravana and Ravani to ask for Indra's release

The top left register shows Brahma, Siva and Vishnu following Indra while watching events below where Ravana is surrounded by his demon army. The lower section shows Ravani, Ravana's son, in armour on a horse leading Indra away with his hands bound. The top right shows the gods led by Brahma, approaching Ravana and Ravani to ask for Indra's release

BL3283220

China / Tibet: A Kalachakra thangka from Sera, one of the 'great three' Gelukpa university monasteries of Tibet, located 2km north of Lhasa

China / Tibet: A Kalachakra thangka from Sera, one of the 'great three' Gelukpa university monasteries of Tibet, located 2km north of Lhasa

PFH1174428

As Rāma and the procession reach the banks of the river Sarayū, BrahmÄ and the gods appear to witness Rāma's ascent and light the sky with an effulgent glow. Accompanied by chants of 'Hail Viá¹£á¹‡u', Rāma enters the waters and ascends to heaven. He is accompanied by SugrÄ«va, his brothers, monkeys, bears and other humans. They willingly sacrifice their lives in order to ascend to heaven with him. The entire populace of AyodhyÄ witnesses the heavenly event, some plunging into the waters in order to attain moká¹£a (release from rebirth). They are shown ascending to the celestial realm with Rāma.

As Rāma and the procession reach the banks of the river Sarayū, BrahmÄ and the gods appear to witness Rāma's ascent and light the sky with an effulgent glow. Accompanied by chants of 'Hail Viá¹£á¹‡u', Rāma enters the waters and ascends to heaven. He is accompanied by SugrÄ«va, his brothers, monkeys, bears and other humans. They willingly sacrifice their lives in order to ascend to heaven with him. The entire populace of AyodhyÄ witnesses the heavenly event, some plunging into the waters in order to attain moká¹£a (release from rebirth). They are shown ascending to the celestial realm with Rāma.

BL3295992

Rāvaṇa in his chariot has advanced to offer combat. SugrÄ«va hurls a rock and falls pierced in the breast by Rāvaṇa's arrow. Other monkeys are pierced by Rāvaṇa's arrows, agitated they beseech Rāma to save them, and Lakṣmaṇa seeks permission to set forth. Hanumān jumps on to Rāvaṇa's chariot and strikes him on the breast. Bits of wood, lying about like matchsticks, are the trees which Nīla has hurled at Rāvaṇa and which he has torn up. Nīla now assumes a diminutive form and leaps onto Rāvaṇa's battle standard, which displays a snake, and from there to the peak of his diadem, but falls pierced by Rāvaṇa's arrow. Lakṣmaṇa advances into battle and tells Rāvaṇa to desist from fighting the monkeys and to fight him instead.

Rāvaṇa in his chariot has advanced to offer combat. SugrÄ«va hurls a rock and falls pierced in the breast by Rāvaṇa's arrow. Other monkeys are pierced by Rāvaṇa's arrows, agitated they beseech Rāma to save them, and Lakṣmaṇa seeks permission to set forth. Hanumān jumps on to Rāvaṇa's chariot and strikes him on the breast. Bits of wood, lying about like matchsticks, are the trees which Nīla has hurled at Rāvaṇa and which he has torn up. Nīla now assumes a diminutive form and leaps onto Rāvaṇa's battle standard, which displays a snake, and from there to the peak of his diadem, but falls pierced by Rāvaṇa's arrow. Lakṣmaṇa advances into battle and tells Rāvaṇa to desist from fighting the monkeys and to fight him instead.

BL3283095

Hanumān tells Rāma to climb onto his back to attack Rāvaṇa, like Viá¹£á¹‡u on his eagle mount Garuá¸a. The furious Rāma advances into battle on Hanumān's back and one of his arrows pierces Rāvaṇa's crown, which falls to the ground. Rāvaṇa is wounded but allowed by the chivalrous Rāma to retire with his army; downcast he marches off. Lakṣmaṇa still lies wounded on the left.

Hanumān tells Rāma to climb onto his back to attack Rāvaṇa, like Viá¹£á¹‡u on his eagle mount Garuá¸a. The furious Rāma advances into battle on Hanumān's back and one of his arrows pierces Rāvaṇa's crown, which falls to the ground. Rāvaṇa is wounded but allowed by the chivalrous Rāma to retire with his army; downcast he marches off. Lakṣmaṇa still lies wounded on the left.

BL3283096

The Bodhisattva Manjusri - one of the principal divinities of northern Buddhism.

The Bodhisattva Manjusri - one of the principal divinities of northern Buddhism.

BL3266619

Page from a Mahabharata series, c.1830-50 (ink & colour on paper)

Page from a Mahabharata series, c.1830-50 (ink & colour on paper)

Indian School, (19th century)

TBM391649

Saṁgrahaṇīratna by Śrīcandra, f.39r, 17th century (bound paper)

Saṁgrahaṇīratna by Śrīcandra, f.39r, 17th century (bound paper)

Indian School, (17th century)

BL6436592

Add 15296 (1) f.34r, Rama accepts his banishment with perfect equanimity, and he and Laksmana take leave of Kaikeyi and Dasaratha, who with head downcast and averted gaze cannot bring himself to look at his son. He and Laksmana leave Kaikeyi's palace and go to that of Rama's mother Kausalya

Add 15296 (1) f.34r, Rama accepts his banishment with perfect equanimity, and he and Laksmana take leave of Kaikeyi and Dasaratha, who with head downcast and averted gaze cannot bring himself to look at his son. He and Laksmana leave Kaikeyi's palace and go to that of Rama's mother Kausalya

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3282996

Add 15296 (1) f.69r, Bharadvaja, on the right in his hermitage, advises the travellers of the way to Citrakuta. In the centre, they cross the Yamuna on an improvised raft, with Sita praying again to the goddess of the river for a safe return, and on the bottom left, find the great banyan tree Bharadvaja had told them about, where Rama and Sita pluck its fruits. A few miles farther on, having hunted for deer, Laksmana again cooks the meat on skewers and they prepare to spend the night there.

Add 15296 (1) f.69r, Bharadvaja, on the right in his hermitage, advises the travellers of the way to Citrakuta. In the centre, they cross the Yamuna on an improvised raft, with Sita praying again to the goddess of the river for a safe return, and on the bottom left, find the great banyan tree Bharadvaja had told them about, where Rama and Sita pluck its fruits. A few miles farther on, having hunted for deer, Laksmana again cooks the meat on skewers and they prepare to spend the night there.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283007

Add 15296 (1) f.96r, Bharata and Shatrughna have performed their father's funeral rites and fourteen days later, after the prescribed period of mourning, the priests headed by Vasistha and ministers bring the necessary articles for coronation to Bharata in the throne-room. Bharata is seated on a small throne, not the elaborate one occupied by his father, with the urn with his father's ashes at the front. The floor is covered by a rich carpet in Mughal style. The chiefs of the army stand on the other side of Bharata and his brother. Bharata refuses to be crowned and announces that he will bring Rama back from exile and stay in the forest himself for fourteen years. He orders the army chiefs to prepare the way for him and the whole court to seek out Rama and bring him back to Ayodhya.

Add 15296 (1) f.96r, Bharata and Shatrughna have performed their father's funeral rites and fourteen days later, after the prescribed period of mourning, the priests headed by Vasistha and ministers bring the necessary articles for coronation to Bharata in the throne-room. Bharata is seated on a small throne, not the elaborate one occupied by his father, with the urn with his father's ashes at the front. The floor is covered by a rich carpet in Mughal style. The chiefs of the army stand on the other side of Bharata and his brother. Bharata refuses to be crowned and announces that he will bring Rama back from exile and stay in the forest himself for fourteen years. He orders the army chiefs to prepare the way for him and the whole court to seek out Rama and bring him back to Ayodhya.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283015

Add 15296 (1) f.90r, The princes go off to meet their other mothers in their zenana, but Kausalya and Sumitra, dressed in mourning saris of red and yellow, having heard of their return, have already set off to meet them. Kausalya reproaches Bharata for having cheated Rama out of his kingdom, but having assured her of his innocence in the matter and having bitterly cursed the person responsible for Rama's exile, he falls fainting at Kausalya's feet. She accepts his assurances. In the morning, in a pavilion where the two queens, two princes and various ministers are seated, Vasistha advises Bharata to cease his lamentations and begin his father's funeral rites.

Add 15296 (1) f.90r, The princes go off to meet their other mothers in their zenana, but Kausalya and Sumitra, dressed in mourning saris of red and yellow, having heard of their return, have already set off to meet them. Kausalya reproaches Bharata for having cheated Rama out of his kingdom, but having assured her of his innocence in the matter and having bitterly cursed the person responsible for Rama's exile, he falls fainting at Kausalya's feet. She accepts his assurances. In the morning, in a pavilion where the two queens, two princes and various ministers are seated, Vasistha advises Bharata to cease his lamentations and begin his father's funeral rites.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283019

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